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History of the IPA

I love the IPA taste. Do not love what it does to my head next morning.
I'm not a fan of the IPA so I don't have a recommendation for you, but the IPA itself does not need to be that punishing. Beers that give you hangovers are common in microbrews because they often don't have as good of temperature control during fermentation. Generally speaking, the warmer a fermentation, the greater the amount of fusel alcohol is produced by the yeast. It isn't only fermentation temperature but that is usually the main culprit. There also are other factors that go into causing a hangover but the number 1 factor is the amount of fusel alcohol. Specifically, fusel alcohol causes the headache in the hangover.
 
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This history did nothing to explain about why beer in general tastes like what I imagine pee must taste like.
 
I'm not a fan of the IPA so I don't have a recommendation for you, but the IPA itself does not need to be that punishing. Beers that give you hangovers are common in microbrews because they often don't have as good of temperature control during fermentation. Generally speaking, the warmer a fermentation, the greater the amount of fusel alcohol is produced by the yeast. It isn't only fermentation temperature but that is usually the main culprit. There also are other factors that go into causing a hangover but the number 1 factor is the amount of fusel alcohol. Specifically, fusel alcohol causes the headache in the hangover.
While you're correct about fusel alcohol, both being produced more at higher temps and causing headaches, I would completely disagree that small breweries don't have good fermentation temp control. There is more than fusel alcohols on the line depending on fermentation temperature. The production of Esters (fruity flavors), diacetyl (butterscotch or buttered popcorn flavors) and phenolics (from banana to clove to medicinal flavors) is also closely tied to fermentation temperatures. Fusel alcohols taste horrible, like rubbing alcohol, even at small concentrations, so if they are present people are not going to want to drink that beer. The specific strain of yeast used is either more or less prone to producing these compounds, but all beer yeast can produce them. A brewery that didn't tightly (to within ~2-3F) control fermentation temperature would have wildly different beer batch to batch. Running a small brewery is extraordinarily challenging right now. It's a VERY crowded market. This isn't like the early 2000s when almost anything went and consumers were just excited to taste something "different" even if it wasn't very good.

Small breweries not only know how to control fermentation temps, they are also very aware of water chemistry and will frequently directly control to a fine degree the chemistry of their water, specifically the chloride and sulfate levels in addition to overall water hardness and pH levels.
 
While you're correct about fusel alcohol, both being produced more at higher temps and causing headaches, I would completely disagree that small breweries don't have good fermentation temp control. There is more than fusel alcohols on the line depending on fermentation temperature. The production of Esters (fruity flavors), diacetyl (butterscotch or buttered popcorn flavors) and phenolics (from banana to clove to medicinal flavors) is also closely tied to fermentation temperatures. Fusel alcohols taste horrible, like rubbing alcohol, even at small concentrations, so if they are present people are not going to want to drink that beer. The specific strain of yeast used is either more or less prone to producing these compounds, but all beer yeast can produce them. A brewery that didn't tightly (to within ~2-3F) control fermentation temperature would have wildly different beer batch to batch. Running a small brewery is extraordinarily challenging right now. It's a VERY crowded market. This isn't like the early 2000s when almost anything went and consumers were just excited to taste something "different" even if it wasn't very good.

Small breweries not only know how to control fermentation temps, they are also very aware of water chemistry and will frequently directly control to a fine degree the chemistry of their water, specifically the chloride and sulfate levels in addition to overall water hardness and pH levels.
Serious question, do you use copper wool or netting in your home-brew set-up?

Another question, what do you do with your spent yeast?
 
Serious question, do you use copper wool or netting in your home-brew set-up?

Another question, what do you do with your spent yeast?
I haven't ever used copper wool or netting. I wasn't sure what you were talking about so took a look and some people do put copper wool in their boil kettle believing that it will increase maillard reactions and such but for me, other than a copper chiller I don't have any copper in the system.

Are you asking about the yeast or about spent grain? I haven't heard yeast referred to as spent yeast.

So this could get a little long...

When yeast finish fermenting the beer, either because there isn't enough sugar left, the alcohol content is too high (around 13% at the top-end for alcohol resilient yeast) or the temperature drops below that strains lower limit or a combination of those factors, they go dormant and begin to fall out of suspension. But there are many other solids that exist in wort and beer, hop debris being the majority in the boil kettle along with proteins called the hot break and cold break. Wort is what beer is called before yeast has been added and before any fermentation has taken place. You can take steps to remove none, some, a lot or almost all of these solids, called trub, before transferring the wort to the fermentation vessel. If you want to harvest your yeast you will typically want to remove most of the trub before transfer, but it isn't completely necessary.

Anyway, once fermentation is over you one way or another transfer the beer off the yeast cake that has collected at the bottom of the fermentation vessel. That yeast cake contains A LOT of living yeast cells. Much more than you added at the beginning of fermentation. You can scoop this up and either use as is, which is easier/better if you didn't transfer too much trub to the fermentation vessel which will be mixed in with the yeast. The hop material in particular will start to break down and could cause issues. If there is a lot of other stuff in the yeast and you aren't going to use it for another batch of beer right away you can do a thing called "yeast washing" which basically uses the difference in density between the yeast and trub to separate them through a series of steps where water is added, the mixture is agitated and then the water is poured off after the yeast have started to collect at the bottom. Connical fermenters can also allow for the collection of yeast during the mid to later stages of fermentation by opening a valve at the bottom of the conical fermenter and collecting the yeast. Typically you need two valves for this. One above a tube or pipe where the yeast collects and one at the bottom of that pipe. You close the top one and open the bottom one and allow the yeast to come out for collection.

When brewing very high ABV beers a technique some brewers use is to actually make a moderate strength beer first, transfer it off the yeast cake when it's finished and then transfer the wort for the much stronger beer onto that fresh yeast cake. That gives them tons of healthy active yeast that will make good work of their "big" beer.

Regardless of technique this harvested yeast is very useful. Almost all breweries harvest yeast instead of buying commercial yeast for every batch. After a few generations this yeast starts to become unique to the brewery and is essentially their "house strain." This harvested yeast can be stored under refrigeration for many many months.

Okay so that's yeast. If you meant to say spent grain. Personally I throw it out, but it can be used to feed chickens, pigs, deer, etc., or can be added to compost. One quick word to the wise, spent grain spoils very quickly. If you hold onto it and then open the container you are at great risk of losing your lunch. It is a horrible horrible smell.
 
I haven't ever used copper wool or netting. I wasn't sure what you were talking about so took a look and some people do put copper wool in their boil kettle believing that it will increase maillard reactions and such but for me, other than a copper chiller I don't have any copper in the system.

Are you asking about the yeast or about spent grain? I haven't heard yeast referred to as spent yeast.

So this could get a little long...

When yeast finish fermenting the beer, either because there isn't enough sugar left, the alcohol content is too high (around 13% at the top-end for alcohol resilient yeast) or the temperature drops below that strains lower limit or a combination of those factors, they go dormant and begin to fall out of suspension. But there are many other solids that exist in wort and beer, hop debris being the majority in the boil kettle along with proteins called the hot break and cold break. Wort is what beer is called before yeast has been added and before any fermentation has taken place. You can take steps to remove none, some, a lot or almost all of these solids, called trub, before transferring the wort to the fermentation vessel. If you want to harvest your yeast you will typically want to remove most of the trub before transfer, but it isn't completely necessary.

Anyway, once fermentation is over you one way or another transfer the beer off the yeast cake that has collected at the bottom of the fermentation vessel. That yeast cake contains A LOT of living yeast cells. Much more than you added at the beginning of fermentation. You can scoop this up and either use as is, which is easier/better if you didn't transfer too much trub to the fermentation vessel which will be mixed in with the yeast. The hop material in particular will start to break down and could cause issues. If there is a lot of other stuff in the yeast and you aren't going to use it for another batch of beer right away you can do a thing called "yeast washing" which basically uses the difference in density between the yeast and trub to separate them through a series of steps where water is added, the mixture is agitated and then the water is poured off after the yeast have started to collect at the bottom. Connical fermenters can also allow for the collection of yeast during the mid to later stages of fermentation by opening a valve at the bottom of the conical fermenter and collecting the yeast. Typically you need two valves for this. One above a tube or pipe where the yeast collects and one at the bottom of that pipe. You close the top one and open the bottom one and allow the yeast to come out for collection.

When brewing very high ABV beers a technique some brewers use is to actually make a moderate strength beer first, transfer it off the yeast cake when it's finished and then transfer the wort for the much stronger beer onto that fresh yeast cake. That gives them tons of healthy active yeast that will make good work of their "big" beer.

Regardless of technique this harvested yeast is very useful. Almost all breweries harvest yeast instead of buying commercial yeast for every batch. After a few generations this yeast starts to become unique to the brewery and is essentially their "house strain." This harvested yeast can be stored under refrigeration for many many months.

Okay so that's yeast. If you meant to say spent grain. Personally I throw it out, but it can be used to feed chickens, pigs, deer, etc., or can be added to compost. One quick word to the wise, spent grain spoils very quickly. If you hold onto it and then open the container you are at great risk of losing your lunch. It is a horrible horrible smell.
No I meant yeast, wasn't sure what you call it. I understand it can be reprocessed into nutritional yeast or even something like marmite/vegemite, which is where marmite/vegemite actually originated. I also understand you could actually cook baked goods with it, but it has to be "de-bittered". I have a neighbor who is into brewing and he and I were talking about some of this stuff recently. He also says he uses copper to reduce sulfur and improve aroma and flavor somewhat.

Funny enough we got into this whole drawn out discussion because I mentioned I needed some copper wool to use to block small holes to keep rats out because we have a rat infestation right now (copper wool doesn't rust so it is better for this than steel wool - it keeps the rats from gnawing their way through the barrier), and he said he had a lot of it so I asked why.
 
No I meant yeast, wasn't sure what you call it. I understand it can be reprocessed into nutritional yeast or even something like marmite/vegemite, which is where marmite/vegemite actually originated. I also understand you could actually cook baked goods with it, but it has to be "de-bittered". I have a neighbor who is into brewing and he and I were talking about some of this stuff recently. He also says he uses copper to reduce sulfur and improve aroma and flavor somewhat.

Funny enough we got into this whole drawn out discussion because I mentioned I needed some copper wool to use to block small holes to keep rats out because we have a rat infestation right now (copper wool doesn't rust so it is better for this than steel wool - it keeps the rats from gnawing their way through the barrier), and he said he had a lot of it so I asked why.
Ahh, okay. I've never used beer yeast for cooking. I know that baking yeast can be used for brewing but it typically doesn't produce very tasty beer and is not very alcohol tolerant so it often stops fermenting too soon. I don't know if baking with harvested brewing yeast produces good results.

More power to him on his copper use but honestly it's a bit of a myth that it does those things. If he likes his results than it's all good, copper doesn't hurt anything.
 
I once used some labware to do a batch of sugar/yeast and distiilled the alcohol. It stunk. Some putrifying oils or something.

However, my ggf grew grapes and made wine for "sacrament" Iin St. George before the progressive age of reason imposed a new interpretation on scripture. Cowboys would come to town Saturday night for the dance, and stay for "sacrament".

Anotherggf kept a pub in London. It was a historic, class A pub. Just around a corner from Parliament. That pub was in family hands for 4 generations. Until about 1870. I bet this thread would find interest to them.
 
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